MPLS排错练习题-故障排除

 Feb 1st 24  PNETLab an hour read (About 11515 words)
This is an article that was created 230 days ago, and the information may have evolved or changed.

在51cto博客https://blog.51cto.com/dashu666/2163481 看到达叔的这份MPLS排错练习题分享文章，心痒痒决定手搓玩一玩

MPLS 环境如下图，现由于前面负责实施的工程师离职，留下烂尾工程，请按下面截图找出目前配置存在的错误并修复，要求项目部署完毕之后所有检查命令输出要和下面截图一致。
要求R7 和R8两个站点通信必须经过R6的全局处理、要求R6 的 vrfA 和 R7、R8能够直接通信

同时要求交一份排除故障的文档。
要求在文档中指出配置错误的地方，以及产生的影响，解决的方案。
不能使用任何静态路由、不允许修改 R4、R5 的 VRF 配置、不允许修改 R6的BGP配置

ScreenCaputure240201002259

排查R1到10.1.1.2/32的MPLS标签转发问题

  1. 在R1上输入命令ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.1，验证R1到10.1.1.2/32的MPLS标签转发过程问题存在

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    R1#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.1
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.2/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    .....
    Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
    R1#

  2. 在R1上使用命令show mpls forwarding-table 查看LFIB

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    R1#show mpls forwarding-table 
    Local      Outgoing   Prefix           Bytes Label   Outgoing   Next Hop    
    Label      Label      or Tunnel Id     Switched      interface              
    102        Pop Label  10.1.1.3/32      0             Et0/0      13.1.1.3    
    103        304        10.1.1.2/32      0             Et0/0      13.1.1.3    
    104        307        10.1.1.5/32      0             Et0/0      13.1.1.3    
    105        306        10.1.1.4/32      0             Et0/0      13.1.1.3    
    106        No Label   10.6.6.6/32[V]   0             Et0/1.1    16.1.1.6    
    107        No Label   0.0.0.0/0[V]     0             Et0/1.2    16.1.2.6    
    108        No Label   10.6.6.6/32[V]   0             Et0/1.2    16.1.2.6    
    R1#

    结果显示R1去往R2的10.1.1.2有出方向标签，下一步检查R3设备的LFIB

  3. 在R3上使用命令show mpls forwarding-table 查看LFIB

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    R3#sh mpls forwarding-table 
    Local      Outgoing   Prefix           Bytes Label   Outgoing   Next Hop    
    Label      Label      or Tunnel Id     Switched      interface              
    300        No Label   13.1.1.0/24      0             drop       
    301        No Label   23.1.1.0/24      0             drop       
    302        No Label   34.1.1.0/24      0             drop       
    303        No Label   35.1.1.0/24      0             drop       
    304        No Label   10.1.1.2/32      0             drop       
    305        No Label   10.1.1.1/32      0             drop       
    306        No Label   10.1.1.4/32      0             drop       
    307        No Label   10.1.1.5/32      0             drop       
    R3#

    结果显示R3没有去往10.1.1.1/32和10.1.1.2/32的出方向标签，下一步检查R3上的LDP邻居关系

  4. 在R3上使用命令show mpls ldp neighbor 查看LDP邻居

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    R3#show mpls ldp neighbor 
        Peer LDP Ident: 10.1.1.1:0; Local LDP Ident 10.1.1.3:0
            TCP connection: 10.1.1.1.646 - 10.1.1.3.59329
            State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 56/52; Downstream
            Up time: 00:37:37
            LDP discovery sources:
              Ethernet0/0, Src IP addr: 13.1.1.1
            Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident:
              13.1.1.1        10.1.1.1        16.1.3.1

    结果显示R3上有与R1的LDP邻居，没有与R2建立LDP邻居，下一步检查R3上LDP进程

  5. 在R3上使用命令show mpls ldp discovery 查看LDP进程信息

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    R3#show mpls ldp discovery 
     Local LDP Identifier:
        10.1.1.3:0
        Discovery Sources:
        Interfaces:
            Ethernet0/0 (ldp): xmit/recv
                LDP Id: 10.1.1.1:0
            Ethernet0/1 (ldp): xmit/recv
                LDP Id: 10.22.22.22:0; no route
            Ethernet0/2 (ldp): xmit
            Ethernet0/3 (ldp): xmit

    结果显示R3使用10.1.1.3为LDP router-id与对端建立LDP邻居，在Ethernet0/1收到 LDP ID为10.22.22.22的LDP报文且提示没有路由到达，而Ethernet0/1连接的是R2，怀疑R2上手动指定了10.22.22.22为LDP的router-id或LDP自动选举了该地址作为router-id，且该地址没有宣告底层IGP协议；R3与R1能建立LDP邻居，下一步检查R3的cef特性是否启用

  6. 在R3上使用用命令show ip cef 查看cef是否启用

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    R3#show ip cef 
    %IPv4 CEF not running
    R3#

    结果显示R3没有启用cef特性，而FIB的形成依赖cef特性，因此需要启用设备的cef特性

    在R3上使用命令ip cef 启用cef

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    R3(config)#ip cef

  7. 在R3上使用命令show mpls forwarding-table 查看LFIB

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    R3#sh mpls forwarding-table 
    Local      Outgoing   Prefix           Bytes Label   Outgoing   Next Hop    
    Label      Label      or Tunnel Id     Switched      interface              
    304        No Label   10.1.1.2/32      0             Et0/1      23.1.1.2    
    305        Pop Label  10.1.1.1/32      0             Et0/0      13.1.1.1    
    306        No Label   10.1.1.5/32      0             Et0/3      35.1.1.5    
    307        No Label   10.1.1.4/32      0             Et0/2      34.1.1.4    
    R3#

    结果显示R3上已经有去往10.1.1.1/32的出方向标签，下一步检查R2的LDP配置

  8. 在R上使用命令show mpls ldp discovery 查看LDP进程信息

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    R2#show mpls ldp discovery 
     Local LDP Identifier:
        10.22.22.22:0
        Discovery Sources:
        Interfaces:
            Ethernet0/1 (ldp): xmit/recv
                LDP Id: 10.1.1.3:0
    R2#

    结果显示R2使用10.22.22.22作为LDP的router-id，下一步检查R2上是否手动指定了10.22.22.22为LDP的router-id或LDP自动选举了该地址作为router-id

  9. 在R2上使用命令show run | include router-id查看是否手动指定了LDP的router-id

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    R2#show run | include router-id
    mpls ldp router-id Loopback1 force
    R2#

    结果显示R2上手动指定了Loopback1接口地址为router-id，下一步查看R2的所有环回接口地址配置

  10. 在R2上使用命令show ip interface brief | include Loopback 查看环回接口地址配置

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    R2#show ip interface brief | include Loopback 
    Loopback0                  10.1.1.2        YES TFTP   up                    up      
    Loopback1                  10.22.22.22     YES TFTP   up                    up      
    R2#

    继续使用命令show running-config interface loopback 0 和 show running-config interface loopback 1 查看两个环回接口的配置

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    R2#show running-config interface loopback 0
    Building configuration...

    Current configuration : 82 bytes
    !
    interface Loopback0
     ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
     ip ospf 110 area 0
    end

    R2#show running-config interface loopback 1
    Building configuration...

    Current configuration : 67 bytes
    !
    interface Loopback1
     ip address 10.22.22.22 255.255.255.255
    end

    R2#

    综合以上结果显示，R2使用了手动设置LDP的router-id，这样手动指定router-id的配置本身没有问题，然而Loopback1并没有宣告进OSPF 110 进程，导致R3上没有10.22.22.22/32的路由，双方不能形成LDP邻居关系；

    LDP邻居关系的建立是标签相互学习的的前提，需要解决R2和R3的LDP邻居建立问题

    解决方案：

    在R3使用命令手动指定Loopback0接口为LDP的router-id

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    R2(config)#mpls ldp router-id Loopback0 force

    从命令show running-config interface loopback 0查看到的结果显示Loopback0配置24位掩码的地址，在ospf网络中思科路由器会默认认为环回接口的ospf网络类型为LOOPBACK，无论环回接口是否配置32位掩码地址都会以32位掩码地址宣告进ospf进程中

    R2本地LDP标签分配会为10.1.1.0/24分配标签，并不会为R2上不存在的10.1.1.2/32分配标签，R3虽然本地为10.1.1.2/32分配的本地标签，但是没有从R2上学习到10.1.1.2/32的标签

    解决方案如下

    R2上修改Loopback0的地址掩码为32位掩码

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    R2(config)#interface loopback 0
    R2(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.255
    R2(config-if)#

  11. 在R1上输入命令ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.1，验证R1到10.1.1.2/32的MPLS标签转发过程问题是否存在

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    R1#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.1
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.2/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 38/138/181 ms
    R1#

    结果显示R1到10.1.1.2/32的MPLS标签转发过程问题已经解决

排查MPLS网络中其他设备标签转发问题

在上一步骤中在R3查看到没有R4和R5的LDP邻居，MPLS网络中IGP网络的标签转发出现问题，客户CE设备流量进入MPLS网络将不能转发到远端目的地。

  1. 检查R4的LDP配置

    1. R4上使用show mpls ldp discovery 检查LDP进程

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      R4#show mpls ldp discovery 
      R4#

      结果显示没有信息，下一步检查接口是否启用mpls ip和是否全局启用mpls ip

    2. R4上使用show mpls interfaces 检查LDP接口信息

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      R4#show mpls interfaces 
      Interface              IP            Tunnel   BGP Static Operational
      R4#

      结果显示R4的Ethernet0/2接口没有启用mpls ip，下一步在R4将接口启用mpls ip

    3. 在R4上使用命令mpls ip将ethernet 0/2启用LDP

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      R4(config)#interface ethernet 0/2
      R4(config-if)#mpls ip
      R4(config-if)#
      *Jan 30 17:52:31.200: %LDP-5-NBRCHG: LDP Neighbor 10.1.1.3:0 (1) is UP
      R4(config-if)#

      结果显示R4与10.1.1.3建立LDP邻居，下一步检查R4是否学习到MPLS网络中其他设备的出接口标签

    4. 在R4上使用命令show mpls forwarding-table 查看FLIB

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      R4#show mpls forwarding-table 
      Local      Outgoing   Prefix           Bytes Label   Outgoing   Next Hop    
      Label      Label      or Tunnel Id     Switched      interface              
      400        305        10.1.1.1/32      0             Et0/2      34.1.1.3    
      401        302        10.1.1.2/32      0             Et0/2      34.1.1.3    
      402        Pop Label  10.1.1.3/32      0             Et0/2      34.1.1.3    
      403        306        10.1.1.5/32      0             Et0/2      34.1.1.3    
      R4#

      结果显示R4上有到MPLS网络中其他设备的出接口标签

  2. 检查R5的LDP配置

    1. 在R5上使用命令show mpls ldp discovery 检查LDP进程

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      R5#show mpls ldp discovery 
       Local LDP Identifier:
          10.1.1.5:0
          Discovery Sources:
          Interfaces:
              Ethernet0/3 (tdp): xmit
      R5#

      结果显示R5的Ethernet0/3使用标签协议为tdp，而R3上使用的是LDP协议，下一步修改R5使用LDP协议

    2. 在R5上使用命令mpls label protocol ldp 修改标签协议为LDP

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      R5(config)#mpls label protocol ldp 
      R5(config)#
      *Jan 30 18:07:49.748: %LDP-5-NBRCHG: LDP Neighbor 10.1.1.3:0 (1) is UP
      R5(config)#

      结果显示在R5上修改标签协议后已经和10.1.1.3建立了邻居，下一步检查R5是否学习到MPLS网络中其他设备的出接口标签

    3. 在R5上使用命令show mpls forwarding-table 查看LFIB

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      R5#show mpls forwarding-table 
      Local      Outgoing   Prefix           Bytes Label   Outgoing   Next Hop    
      Label      Label      or Tunnel Id     Switched      interface              
      501        307        10.1.1.4/32      0             Et0/3      35.1.1.3    
      502        Pop Label  10.1.1.3/32      0             Et0/3      35.1.1.3    
      503        302        10.1.1.2/32      0             Et0/3      35.1.1.3    
      504        305        10.1.1.1/32      0             Et0/3      35.1.1.3    
      R5#

      结果显示R5上有到MPLS网络中其他设备的出接口标签

  3. 检查各PE设备环回接口之间的标签转发是否正常

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    R1#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.1
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.2/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 113/170/211 ms
    R1#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.3/32 source 10.1.1.1
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.3/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 53/214/497 ms
    R1#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.4/32 source 10.1.1.1
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.4/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 144/193/312 ms
    R1#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.5/32 source 10.1.1.1
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.5/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 166/227/293 ms
    R1#
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    R2#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.1/32 source 10.1.1.2
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.1/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 81/167/201 ms
    R2#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.3/32 source 10.1.1.2
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.3/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 69/144/169 ms
    R2#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.4/32 source 10.1.1.2
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.4/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 47/205/442 ms
    R2#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.5/32 source 10.1.1.2
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.5/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 26/146/196 ms
    R2#
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    R3#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.1/32 source 10.1.1.3
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.1/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 186/201/231 ms
    R3#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.3
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.2/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 191/218/281 ms
    R3#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.4/32 source 10.1.1.3
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.4/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 192/201/213 ms
    R3#ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.5/32 source 10.1.1.3
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.5/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 189/224/314 ms
    R3#
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    R4#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.1/32 source 10.1.1.4
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.1/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 187/221/309 ms
    R4#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.4
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.2/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 187/224/273 ms
    R4#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.3/32 source 10.1.1.4
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.3/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 193/201/210 ms
    R4#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.5/32 source 10.1.1.4
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.5/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 193/216/230 ms
    R4#
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    R5#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.1/32 source 10.1.1.5
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.1/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/177/230 ms
    R5#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.2/32 source 10.1.1.5
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.2/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 103/213/464 ms
    R5#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.3/32 source 10.1.1.5
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.3/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 62/154/187 ms
    R5#ping mpls ip 10.1.1.4/32 source 10.1.1.5
    Sending 5, 100-byte MPLS Echos to 10.1.1.4/32, 
         timeout is 2 seconds, send interval is 0 msec:

    Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
      'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface, 
      'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
      'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no label entry, 
      'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP, 
      'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
      'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0

    Type escape sequence to abort.
    !!!!!
    Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 173/278/642 ms
    R5#

    结果显示R1，R2，R3，R4，R5的标签转发为正常状态

  4. MPLS优化

    1. 手动指定LDP的router-id

      R1，R3，R4，R5的LDP router-id为自动选举，当后续在这些路由器上创建的IP地址比loopback 0地址大时，LDP进程重启或设备重启，这些设备将自动选举地址大的环回接口为router-id，而这些环回接口地址很可能没有宣告进OSPF 100 ，这会导致LDP邻居不能建立从而产生MPLS标签断裂问题

      在R1，R3，R4，R5上使用命令mpls ldp router-id Loopback0 force手动指定LDP的router-id

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      R1(config)#mpls ldp router-id loopback 0 force 
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      R3(config)#mpls ldp router-id loopback 0 force 
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      R4(config)#mpls ldp router-id loopback 0 force 
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      R5(config)#mpls ldp router-id loopback 0 force

    2. R5上使用命令show running-config interface e 0/3查看Ethernet0/3接口配置

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      R5#show running-config interface e 0/3
      Building configuration...

      Current configuration : 182 bytes
      !
      interface Ethernet0/3
       ip address 35.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
       ip ospf network point-to-point
       ip ospf demand-circuit
       ip ospf 110 area 0
       duplex auto
       mpls propagate-cos
       mpls ip
      end

      R5#

      结果显示该接口下配置了mpls propagate-cos，该命令用于在PE-CE接口的出口处启用，此命令从MPLS报头中的EXP值派生IP DSCP值，然后在IP报头中重写此值。由于拓扑中的MPLS网络没有配置QoS内容，删除该命令不会对现有网络造成影响

      在R5上使用命令no mpls propagate-cos 删除该配置

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      R5(config)#interface ethernet 0/3
      R5(config-if)#no mpls propagate-cos
      R5(config-if)#

排查R6，R7和R8的路由问题

要求R7 和R8两个站点通信必须经过R6的全局处理、要求R6 的 vrfA 和 R7、R8能够直接通信

不能使用任何静态路由、不允许修改 R4、R5 的 VRF 配置、不允许修改 R6的BGP配置

流量模型分析

要求R7 和R8两个站点通信必须经过R6的全局处理

  1. 根据需求可以判断出这是一个HUB-SPOKE组网结构，R6为HUB，R7和R8为SPOKE
  2. PE学习到总部CE和分支CE的路由，然后通过MPLS VPNV4传递到对端PE，总部CE和分支CE再从PE学习路由
  3. 总部和分支同时使用BGP 200 AS号码，根据as-path防环原则，总部不会学习到分支路由，分支也不会学习到总部路由，需要在PE上设置as-override或在CE设备配置 allowas-in
  4. R7和R8处于BGP 200，且同时接入相同BGP 100 的不同PE，需要考虑R7和R8之间的不合理次优路径问题

排查步骤

  1. 排查R1，R4和R5是否学习到客户CE上的路由
  2. 排查R1，R4和R5是否能学习对应PE的路由
  3. 排查R7和R8是否存在次优路径

排查R1，R4和R5是否学习到客户CE上的路由

  1. 在R1上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由

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    R1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 4, local router ID is 10.1.1.1
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf SPOKE)
     *>   0.0.0.0          16.1.2.6                               0 200 i
     *>   10.6.6.6/32      16.1.2.6                 0             0 200 i
    Route Distinguisher: 200:100 (default for vrf HUB)
     *>   10.6.6.6/32      16.1.1.6                 0             0 200 i
    R1#

    结果显示R1学习到了R6上的10.6.6.6/32路由，下一步检查R4和R5

  2. 在R4上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由

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    R4#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 4, local router ID is 10.1.1.4
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>   10.7.7.7/32      47.1.1.7                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
    R4#

    结果显示R4上学习到R7和R8上的路由，下一步检查R3上的VPNV4路由

  3. 在R3上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由

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    R3#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 18, local router ID is 10.1.1.3
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.7.7.7/32      10.1.1.4                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
    Route Distinguisher: 200:100
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
    R3#

    结果显示R3上能学习到R6，R7和R8的路由，这说明R3与R1，R4和R5的VPNV4邻居关系正常，怀疑是R1，R4和R5上的VRF RT配置有问题，下一步检查R1，R4和R5上的VRF RT配置

  4. 在R1上使用命令

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    R1#show running-config | section vrf
    ip vrf HUB
     rd 200:100
    ip vrf SPOKE
     rd 100:200
     ip vrf forwarding HUB
     ip vrf forwarding SPOKE
     address-family ipv4 vrf HUB
      neighbor 16.1.1.6 remote-as 200
      neighbor 16.1.1.6 activate
     address-family ipv4 vrf SPOKE
      neighbor 16.1.2.6 remote-as 200
      neighbor 16.1.2.6 activate
    R1#

    结果显示R1上没有没有配置export RT和import RT，下一步查看R4和R5上的RT，然后在R1上配置RT

  5. 在R4和R5上分别使用命令show running-config | section vrf 查看VRF配置

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    R4#show running-config | section vrf
    vrf definition A
     rd 100:200
     !
     address-family ipv4
      route-target export 47:47
      route-target import 16:16
      route-target import 26:26
      route-target import 58:58
     exit-address-family
     vrf forwarding A
     address-family ipv4 vrf A
      neighbor 47.1.1.7 remote-as 200
      neighbor 47.1.1.7 activate
    R4#
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    R5#show running-config | section vrf
    ip vrf A
     rd 100:200
     route-target export 58:58
     route-target import 16:16
     route-target import 26:26
     route-target import 47:47
     ip vrf forwarding A
     address-family ipv4 vrf A
      neighbor 58.1.1.8 remote-as 200
      neighbor 58.1.1.8 activate
    R5#

    结果显示R4和R5上配置了RT，下一步需要在R1上添加RT配置

  6. 在R1上使用命令route-target export/import ASN:nn配置RT

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    R1(config)#ip vrf HUB
    R1(config-vrf)#route-target import 47:47
    R1(config-vrf)#route-target import 58:58 

    R1(config)#ip vrf SPOKE
    R1(config-vrf)#route-target export 16:16
    R1(config-vrf)#

    在R1上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all查看VPNV4路由

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    R1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 10.1.1.1
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf SPOKE)
     *>   0.0.0.0          16.1.2.6                               0 200 i
     *>   10.6.6.6/32      16.1.2.6                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.7.7.7/32      10.1.1.4                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
    Route Distinguisher: 200:100 (default for vrf HUB)
     *>   10.6.6.6/32      16.1.1.6                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.7.7.7/32      10.1.1.4                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
    R1#

    结果显示在配置RT后，R1可以学习到R4和R5传递过来的路由

    在R4和R5上分别使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all查看VPNV4路由

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    R4#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all       
    BGP table version is 8, local router ID is 10.1.1.4
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>   10.7.7.7/32      47.1.1.7                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
    R4#
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    R5#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all       
    BGP table version is 8, local router ID is 10.1.1.5
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.7.7.7/32      10.1.1.4                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>   10.8.8.8/32      58.1.1.8                 0             0 200 i
    R5#

    结果显示R1，R4和R5上都学习到了PE传递过来的VPNV4路由，下一步检查R6，R7和R8上的路由学习情况

  7. 在R6，R7和R8上分布使用命令show ip route bgp 查看bgp路由学习情况

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    R6#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

          6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
    B        6.6.6.6 [20/0] via 16.1.3.1, 00:31:13
    R6#
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    R7#sh ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

    R7#
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    R8#sh ip route  b
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

    R8#

    结果显示，R6，R7和R8上没有从PE上学习的路由不符合要求，下一步检查PE和CE上是否配置as-override和 allowas-in

  8. 在PE和CE设备上使用命令show running-config | include as-override和show running-config | include allowas-in 检查设备是否设置了as-override和 allowas-in

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    R1#show running-config | include as-override
    R1#show running-config | include allowas-in 
    R1#

    结果显示R上没有配置as-override和 allowas-in，经检查R1，R4，R5，R7，R8均没有设置这两项参数

    在当前组网情况下，有两种解决方案

    方案一：在R1，R4和R5上针对CE的BGP邻居设置as-override

    方案二：在R1上针对CE的BGP邻居设置as-override，在R7和R8上针对PE的BGP邻居设置allowas-in

    结合组网情况，本次使用方案一，下一步在R1，R4和R5上针对CE的BGP邻居设置as-override

  9. 在R1，R4和R5上使用命令neighbor x.x.x.x as-override 

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    R1(config)#router bgp 100
    R1(config-router)# address-family ipv4 vrf HUB
    R1(config-router-af)# neighbor 16.1.1.6 as-override 
    R1(config-router-af)#exit
    R1(config-router)# address-family ipv4 vrf SPOKE
    R1(config-router-af)# neighbor 16.1.2.6 as-override 
    R1(config-router-af)#
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    R4(config)#router  bgp 100
    R4(config-router)# address-family ipv4 vrf A
    R4(config-router-af)# neighbor 47.1.1.7 as-override 
    R4(config-router-af)#
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    R5(config)#router bgp 100
    R5(config-router)# address-family ipv4 vrf A
    R5(config-router-af)# neighbor 58.1.1.8 as-override 
    R5(config-router-af)#

    在R6，R7和R8上分布使用命令show ip route bgp 查看bgp路由学习情况

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    R6#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

          6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
    B        6.6.6.6 [20/0] via 16.1.3.1, 00:47:49
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 3 subnets
    B        10.7.7.7 [20/0] via 16.1.1.1, 00:02:31
    B        10.8.8.8 [20/0] via 16.1.1.1, 00:02:31
    R6#
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    R7#sh ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 47.1.1.4 to network 0.0.0.0

    B*    0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:00:54
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 3 subnets
    B        10.6.6.6 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:00:54
    B        10.8.8.8 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:00:54
    R7#
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    R8#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 58.1.1.5 to network 0.0.0.0

    B*    0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:00:51
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 3 subnets
    B        10.6.6.6 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:00:51
    B        10.7.7.7 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:00:51
    R8#

    结果显示R6，R7和R8已经从对应PE学习到路由，下一步traceroute测试R7到R8的10.8.8.8

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    R7#traceroute 10.8.8.8 source loopback 0 numeric 
    Type escape sequence to abort.
    Tracing the route to 10.8.8.8
    VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
      1 47.1.1.4 [AS 100] 1 msec 3 msec 1 msec
      2 34.1.1.3 [AS 100] [MPLS: Labels 307/500 Exp 0] 5 msec 5 msec 6 msec
      3 58.1.1.5 [AS 100] [MPLS: Label 500 Exp 0] 3 msec 3 msec 3 msec
      4 58.1.1.8 [AS 100] 5 msec *  11 msec
    R7#

    结果显示R7到R8的10.8.8.8连通性正常，但是不符合R7 和R8两个站点通信必须经过R6的全局处理设计要求

    按照拓扑图显示R7和R8应该建立IBGP邻居关系，给出的预配缺少配置，我猜这里考察的客户双CE接入同一AS不同PE的SOO防环知识点

    而添加IBGP配置后R7和R8互相通信又会走IBGP或IGP，又要配置策略阻止R7和R8的互相学习，我就不自己加戏了

    如果按照提供的预配来解决方案，只能在R4和R5编写route-map将R7和R8上的路由进行过滤，经过过滤后R4上不能学习到R8上的路由，R5上不能学习到R7的路由，最后结果符合设计要求

    下一步在R4和R5上配置route-map对路由进行过滤的解决方案

  10. 在R4和R5上配置route-map对路由进行过滤

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    R4(config)#ip prefix-list DENY-R8 permit 10.8.8.8/32
    R4(config)#route-map DENY-R8 deny 10 
    R4(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list DENY-R8           
    R4(config-route-map)#route-map DENY-R8 permit 20
    R4(config-route-map)#exit
    R4(config)#router bgp 100
    R4(config-router)#address-family vpnv4 unicast 
    R4(config-router-af)#neighbor 10.1.1.3 route-map  DENY-R8 in 
    R4(config-router-af)#
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    R5(config)#ip prefix-list DENY-R7 permit 10.7.7.7/32
    R5(config)#route-map DENY-R7 deny 10
    R5(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list DENY-R7
    R5(config-route-map)#route-map DENY-R7 permit 20         
    R5(config-route-map)#exit
    R5(config)#router bgp 100
    R5(config-router)#address-family vpnv4 unicast 
    R5(config-router-af)#nei 10.1.1.3 route-map DENY-R7 in 
    R5(config-router-af)#

    在R4和R5上分别使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all查看VPNV4路由

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    R4#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 10.1.1.4
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>   10.7.7.7/32      47.1.1.7                 0             0 200 i
    R4#
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    R5#sh run | s route-m
      neighbor 10.1.1.3 route-map DENY-R7 in
    route-map DENY-R7 deny 10
     match ip address prefix-list DENY-R7
    route-map DENY-R7 permit 20
    R5#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 10.1.1.5
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>   10.8.8.8/32      58.1.1.8                 0             0 200 i
    R5#

    结果显示经过过滤后R4上不能学习到R8上的路由，R5上不能学习到R7的路由

  11. 在R7和R8上分布使用命令show ip route bgp 查看bgp路由学习情况

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    R7#show ip route bgp
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 47.1.1.4 to network 0.0.0.0

    B*    0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:19:47
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
    B        10.6.6.6 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:19:47
    R7#
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    R8#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 58.1.1.5 to network 0.0.0.0

    B*    0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:19:20
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
    B        10.6.6.6 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:19:20
    R8#

    结果显示R7和R8不再通过PE学习到对端的路由，下一步traceroute测试R7到R8的10.8.8.8

  12. 在R7上使用命令traceroute 10.8.8.8 source loopback 0 numeric 进行traceroute测试

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    R7#traceroute 10.8.8.8 source loopback 0 numeric 
    Type escape sequence to abort.
    Tracing the route to 10.8.8.8
    VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
      1 47.1.1.4 [AS 100] 1 msec 2 msec 1 msec
      2 34.1.1.3 [AS 100] [MPLS: Labels 306/106 Exp 0] 18 msec 5 msec 5 msec
      3 16.1.2.1 [AS 100] [MPLS: Label 106 Exp 0] 5 msec 6 msec 5 msec
      4 16.1.2.6 [AS 100] 6 msec 5 msec 5 msec
      5 16.1.1.1 [AS 100] 5 msec 5 msec 6 msec
      6 13.1.1.3 [AS 100] [MPLS: Labels 307/500 Exp 0] 10 msec 14 msec 11 msec
      7 58.1.1.5 [AS 100] [MPLS: Label 500 Exp 0] 10 msec 9 msec 10 msec
      8 58.1.1.8 [AS 100] 10 msec *  14 msec
    R7#

    结果显示符合设计要求，R7以loopback 0 测试到10.8.8.8 的路径从R4进入MPLS网络到达R6再穿过MPLS网络到底R8，数据流量穿越MPLS网络中的标签值不符合截图输出没有影响,这是由于设备本地自主分配然后LDP邻居学习到的

排查CE路由表未完全学习R6上路由

经过前面步骤的排查，R1，R3，R4，R5，R6，R7和R8并没有学习到10.66.66.66和26.1.1.0的路由，下一步在R2上检查是否通过S1/1接口学习到R6的路由条目

  1. 在R2上使用命令show ip route vrf A查看路由表

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    R2#show ip route vrf A

    Routing Table: A
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

    R2#

    结果显示R2上没有学习到R6的路由，且连直连接口路由都没有，下一步检查R2的S1/1接口配置

  2. 在R2上使用命令show running-config interface serial 1/1查看接口配置

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    R2#show running-config interface serial 1/1
    Building configuration...

    Current configuration : 169 bytes
    !
    interface Serial1/1
     ip vrf forwarding A
     ip address 26.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
     encapsulation ppp
     ip ospf 1 area 0
     ppp authentication chap
     serial restart-delay 0
    end

    R2#

    结果显示该接口已经划入VRF A，启用了OSPF 1，并且配置了chap认证，下一步检查S1/1接口状态

  3. 在R2上使用命令show interfaces serial 1/1检查S1/1接口状态

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    R2#show interfaces serial 1/1
    Serial1/1 is up, line protocol is down 
      Hardware is M4T
      Internet address is 26.1.1.2/24
      MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit/sec, DLY 20000 usec, 
         reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
      Encapsulation PPP, LCP Closed, crc 16, loopback not set
      Keepalive set (10 sec)
      Restart-Delay is 0 secs
      Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never
      Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:15:24
      Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
      Queueing strategy: fifo
      Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
      5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
      5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
         1689 packets input, 33540 bytes, 0 no buffer
         Received 0 broadcasts (0 IP multicasts)
         0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 
         0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
         2102 packets output, 45387 bytes, 0 underruns
         0 output errors, 0 collisions, 410 interface resets
         0 unknown protocol drops
         0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
         410 carrier transitions     DCD=up  DSR=up  DTR=up  RTS=up  CTS=up

    R2#

    结果显示line protocol is down ，该结果显示链路层故障，联系到上一步骤中查看到ppp封装和chap认证，怀疑是认证出现了问题，下一步检查R6和R1之间的串口链路认证

  4. 在R2上使用debug ppp authentication 查看ppp认证交互信息，同时准备命令no debug all 随时终止debug消息

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    R2#debug ppp authentication  
    PPP authentication debugging is on
    R2#
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.131: Se1/1 PPP: Using default call direction
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.131: Se1/1 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.131: Se1/1 PPP: Session handle[B200026C] Session id[620]
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.168: Se1/1 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 1 len 23 from "R2"
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.183: Se1/1 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 1 len 23 from "R6"
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.183: Se1/1 PPP: Sent CHAP LOGIN Request
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.183: Se1/1 PPP: Received LOGIN Response FAIL
    *Jan 31 14:21:10.183: Se1/1 CHAP: O FAILURE id 1 len 25 msg is "Authentication failed"
    R2#
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.223: Se1/1 PPP: Using default call direction
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.223: Se1/1 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.223: Se1/1 PPP: Session handle[FD00026D] Session id[621]
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.251: Se1/1 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 1 len 23 from "R2"
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.268: Se1/1 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 1 len 23 from "R6"
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.268: Se1/1 PPP: Sent CHAP LOGIN Request
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.268: Se1/1 PPP: Received LOGIN Response FAIL
    *Jan 31 14:21:12.268: Se1/1 CHAP: O FAILURE id 1 len 25 msg is "Authentication failed"
    R2#no debu
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.329: Se1/1 PPP: Using default call direction
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.329: Se1/1 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.329: Se1/1 PPP: Session handle[E600026E] Session id[622]
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.367: Se1/1 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 1 len 23 from "R2"
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.385: Se1/1 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 1 len 23 from "R6"
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.385: Se1/1 PPP: Sent CHAP LOGIN Request
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.385: Se1/1 PPP: Received LOGIN Response FAIL
    *Jan 31 14:21:14.385: Se1/1 CHAP: O FAILURE id 1 len 25 msg is "Authentication failed"
    R2#no debu
    R2#no debug all
    All possible debugging has been turned off
    R2#

    结果显示S1/1接口Authentication failed，下一步检查R2和R6上的chap认证密码配置

  5. 在R2和R6上使用命令show running-config | section user 检查用户名密码配置

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    R2#show running-config | section user
    username R6 password 0 cisco
    R2#
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    R6#show running-config | section user
    username R2 password 0 cisc0
    R6#

    结果显示两端密码不一致，虽然R6的S1/1接口配置了与R2相同的密码，但是思科路由器会优先使用全局配置的密码进行认证流程

    处理该认证失败故障有如下两种解决方案

    方案一：在R2上修改密码为cisc0

    方案二：在R6上修改密码为cisco

    本次故障排除采用方案一，在R2上使用命令username R6 password 0 cisc0修改密码

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    R2(config)#username R6 password 0 cisc0
    *Jan 31 15:08:27.909: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
    *Jan 31 15:08:27.926: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1/1, changed state to up
    *Jan 31 15:08:28.024: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.66.66.66 on Serial1/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
    R2(config)#

    结果显示修改密码后，S1/1的链路层协议UP，且R2与R6的OSPF邻居已经建立，下一步检查R2的路由学习情况

  6. 在R2上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由标

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    R2#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 11, local router ID is 10.22.22.22
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>   10.66.66.66/32   26.1.1.6                65         32768 ?
     *>   26.1.1.0/24      0.0.0.0                  0         32768 ?
    R2#

    结果显示R2已经学习到R6的路由，且VRF A的路由已经重分布进BGP，下一步检查其他PE是否学习到R2的VPNV4路由

  7. 在R4上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由

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    R4#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 10.1.1.4
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>   10.7.7.7/32      47.1.1.7                 0             0 200 i
    R4#

    结果显示R4没有学习到R2上的VPNV4路由，下一步检查R2的VRF RT配置

  8. 在R2上使用命令show running-config | section vrf查看VRF配置

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    R2#show running-config | section vrf
    ip vrf A
     rd 100:200
     ip vrf forwarding A
    router ospf 1 vrf A
     redistribute bgp 100 subnets
     address-family ipv4 vrf A
      redistribute ospf 1
    R2#

    结果显示VRF A没有配置RT，下一步配置R2的RT

  9. 在R2上使用命令route-target export/import ASN:nn配置RT

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    R2(config)#ip vrf A
    R2(config-vrf)#route-target export 26:26
    R2(config-vrf)#route-target import 16:16
    R2(config-vrf)#route-target import 47:47
    R2(config-vrf)#route-target import 58:58
    R2(config-vrf)#

    在R4上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由

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    R4#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 14, local router ID is 10.1.1.4
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf A)
     *>i  0.0.0.0          10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.6.6.6/32      10.1.1.1                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>   10.7.7.7/32      47.1.1.7                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.66.66.66/32   10.1.1.2                65    100      0 ?
     *>i  26.1.1.0/24      10.1.1.2                 0    100      0 ?
    R4#

    结果显示R4已经学习到R2上的VPNV4路由，下一步检查R6，R7和R8上的路由学习情况

  10. 在R7和R8上使用命令show ip route bgp查看路由学习

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    R7#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 47.1.1.4 to network 0.0.0.0

    B*    0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 01:53:22
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 3 subnets
    B        10.6.6.6 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 01:53:22
    B        10.66.66.66 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:04:31
          26.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
    B        26.1.1.0 [20/0] via 47.1.1.4, 00:04:31
    R7#
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    R8#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 58.1.1.5 to network 0.0.0.0

    B*    0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 01:53:11
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 3 subnets
    B        10.6.6.6 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 01:53:11
    B        10.66.66.66 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:04:51
          26.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
    B        26.1.1.0 [20/0] via 58.1.1.5, 00:04:51
    R8#

    结果显示R7和R8学习到了对应的路由条目，且符合要求

    下一步配置R1上的VRF RT，之前排查PE路由学习的时候没有添加针对R2的 RT import 配置

  11. 在R1上使用命令route-target import ASN:nn配置RT

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    R1(config)#ip vrf HUB
    R1(config-vrf)# route-target import 26:26
    R1(config-vrf)#

    在R1上使用命令show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 查看VPNV4路由

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    R1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast all 
    BGP table version is 20, local router ID is 10.1.1.1
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, 
                  r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, 
                  x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, 
                  t secondary path, 
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
    RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found

         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    Route Distinguisher: 100:200 (default for vrf SPOKE)
     *>   0.0.0.0          16.1.2.6                               0 200 i
     *>   10.6.6.6/32      16.1.2.6                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.7.7.7/32      10.1.1.4                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.66.66.66/32   10.1.1.2                65    100      0 ?
     *>i  26.1.1.0/24      10.1.1.2                 0    100      0 ?
    Route Distinguisher: 200:100 (default for vrf HUB)
     *>   10.6.6.6/32      16.1.1.6                 0             0 200 i
     *>i  10.7.7.7/32      10.1.1.4                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.8.8.8/32      10.1.1.5                 0    100      0 200 i
     *>i  10.66.66.66/32   10.1.1.2                65    100      0 ?
     *>i  26.1.1.0/24      10.1.1.2                 0    100      0 ?
    R1#

    结果显示R1已经学习到R2的VPNV4路由条目，下一步检查R6是否学习到路由条目

  12. 在R6上使用命令show ip route bgp查看路由学习

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    R6#show ip route bgp 
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

          6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
    B        6.6.6.6 [20/0] via 16.1.3.1, 02:30:57
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 4 subnets
    B        10.7.7.7 [20/0] via 16.1.1.1, 02:30:45
    B        10.8.8.8 [20/0] via 16.1.1.1, 02:30:45
    B        10.66.66.66 [20/0] via 16.1.1.1, 00:01:57
          26.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
    B        26.1.1.0 [20/0] via 16.1.1.1, 00:01:57
    R6#

    结果显示R6已经学习到对应路由条目，且符合要求

  13. 在R6上使用命令show ip route vrf A ospf查看路由

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    R6#show ip route vrf A ospf

    Routing Table: A
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

    R6#

    结果显示没有路由条目，下一步在R2上检查是否把BGP路由重分布进VRF A 所在的路由协议

  14. 在R2上使用命令sh run | s r o 查看路由重复分布

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    R2#sh run | s r o
    router ospf 1 vrf A
     redistribute bgp 100 subnets
    router ospf 110
     prefix-suppression
    R2#

    结果显示已经将BGP路由重分布进OSPF 1进程

    能学习到R6的路由说明R2与R6的邻居建立没有问题，且在R2上没有发现针对R6的路由过滤，

    在R6和R2上发现使用划入VRF的接口进行互联，且将BGP重分布进ospf进程，这种组网情况要在PE上的ospf进程下启用vrf-lite

    思科的OSPF防环机制当绑定到 VRF 的 OSPF 进程在收到邻居的5类LSA或7类LSA会检查Tag，当Tag与VPN-TAG时，这些5类LSA或7类LSA不会参与SFP算法计算路由

    在R2使用命令capability vrf-lite 启用vrf-lite

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    R2(config)# router ospf 1
    R2(config-router)#capability vrf-lite 
    R2(config-router)#
    *Jan 31 15:46:59.140: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.66.66.66 on Serial1/1 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
    *Jan 31 15:46:59.204: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.66.66.66 on Serial1/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
    R2(config-router)#

    结果显示启用vrf-lite 后，R2与R6的ospf邻居重置，下一步检查R6是否学习到路由条目

  15. 在R6上使用命令show ip route vrf A ospf查看路由

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    R6#show ip route vrf A ospf

    Routing Table: A
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is not set

          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 4 subnets
    O E2     10.6.6.6 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:24:28, Serial1/1
    O E2     10.7.7.7 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:24:28, Serial1/1
    O E2     10.8.8.8 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:24:28, Serial1/1
    R6#

    结果显示R6与学习到对应路由条目，下一步在R2的OSPF 1 进程下发默认路由

  16. 在R2上使用命令default-information originate 下发ospf默认路由

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    R2(config)# router ospf 1
    R2(config-router)#default-information originate 
    R2(config-router)#

    在R6上使用命令show ip route vrf A ospf查看路由

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    R6#show ip route vrf A ospf

    Routing Table: A
    Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
           D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
           N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
           E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
           i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
           ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
           o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
           a - application route
           + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

    Gateway of last resort is 26.1.1.2 to network 0.0.0.0

    O*E2  0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:01:10, Serial1/1
          10.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 4 subnets
    O E2     10.6.6.6 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:29:54, Serial1/1
    O E2     10.7.7.7 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:29:54, Serial1/1
    O E2     10.8.8.8 [110/1] via 26.1.1.2, 00:29:54, Serial1/1
    R6#

    结果显示R6已经学习到默认路由，且所以OSPF路由条目符合要求

  17. 在R6上使用命令traceroute vrf A 10.7.7.7 source loopback 1 numeric 跟踪路径

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    R6#traceroute vrf A 10.7.7.7 source loopback 1 numeric 
    Type escape sequence to abort.
    Tracing the route to 10.7.7.7
    VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
      1 26.1.1.2 [AS 100] 13 msec 16 msec 16 msec
      2 23.1.1.3 [MPLS: Labels 304/405 Exp 0] 20 msec 21 msec 16 msec
      3 47.1.1.4 [MPLS: Label 405 Exp 0] 14 msec 19 msec 16 msec
      4 47.1.1.7 21 msec *  19 msec
    R6#

    结果显示符合要求

总结

  • 这份拓扑中包含了MP-BGP的大部分知识点
  • 完成MPLS网络的vpnv4邻居建立，接下来就靠VRF的RT控制接收和发送路由条目
  • 熟悉查看vpnv4的路由表很重要
  • 其实早几年我是玩过这个排错拓扑的，奈何脑子不够用学过等于又还回去了
  • 不知道大家对这种学习过的技术，而工作中又接触不到这些项目，技术的知识点淡忘如何看待
  • 欢迎“来电”来函探讨。
#BGP #OSPF #MPLS #MP-BGP #CISCO #Pnetlab
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